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Research

Publications: Dr Anthony Stockman

Cunningham S, McGregor I, Weinel J, Darby J, Stockman T ( 2023 ) . Towards a Framework of Aesthetics in Sonic Interaction . Conference: Proceedings of the 18th International Audio Mostly Conference109 - 115 .
Gill SS, Thibodeau D, Kaur R, Naeem U, Stockman A ( 2023 ) . Reflection on Teaching Observation for Computer Science and Engineering to Design Effective Teaching Resources in Transnational Higher Education . Handbook of Research on Developments and Future Trends in Transnational Higher Education
Biggs B, Coughlan JM, Toth C, Walker BN, Stockman T ( 2022 ) . EVALUATION OF A NON-VISUAL AUDITORY CHOROPLETH AND TRAVEL MAP VIEWER . Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory Display International Conference on Auditory Display . Conference: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD 2022) vol. 2022 , 82 - 90 .
Biggs B, Siu AF, Aziz N, Stockman T ( 2022 ) . Remote Co-design in the Digital Age . Handbook of Disability , Springer Nature
Aziz N, Stockman T, Stewart R ( 2022 ) . Planning Your Journey in Audio: Design and Evaluation of Auditory Route Overviews . ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing
Turchet L, Baker D, Stockman T ( 2021 ) . Musical Haptic Wearables for Synchronisation of Visually-impaired Performers: a Co-design Approach . Conference: ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences20 - 27 .
Bahameish M, Stockman T ( 2020 ) . Fundamental Considerations of HRV Analysis in the Development of Real-Time Biofeedback Systems . 2016 Computing in Cardiology Conference (CinC) . Conference: 2020 Computing in Cardiology Conference (CinC) vol. 00 , 1 - 4 .
Stockman A, Feng F ( 2020 ) . Exploring crossmodal perceptual enhancement and integration in a sequence reproducing task with cognitive priming . Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces
Stockman A, WILKIE S ( 2020 ) . The effect of audio cues and sound source stimuli on the perception of approaching objects . Applied Acoustics
Fields B, Stockman T, Nickerson LV, Healey PGT ( 2020 ) . Preface . Proceedings of the 20th BCS HCI Group Conference: Engage, HCI 2006 .
Feng F, Stockman T ( 2019 ) . Augmented Visuotactile Feedback Support Sensorimotor Synchronization Skill for Rehabilitation . Conference: Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems1 - 6 .
Mycroft J, Reiss JD, Stockman T ( 2019 ) . Visually representing and interpreting multivariate data for audio mixing . SMC 2016 - 13th Sound and Music Computing Conference, Proceedings . 332 - 337 .
Mycroft J, Stockman T, Reiss JD ( 2018 ) . A Prototype Mixer to Improve Cross-Modal Attention During Audio Mixing . Conference: Proceedings of the Audio Mostly 2018 on Sound in Immersion and Emotion1 - 7 .
STOCKMAN AG, AL-THANI D ( 2018 ) . Evaluating an Interface for Cross-modal Information Seeking . Interacting With Computers
JACK RH, MEHRABI A, Stockman T, MCPHERSON A ( 2018 ) . Action-sound Latency and the Perceived Quality of Digital Musical Instruments: Comparing Professional Percussionists and Amateur Musicians . Music Perception
STOCKMAN AG, METATLA O ( 2018 ) . “I Hear You”: Understanding Awareness Information Exchange in an Audio-only Workspace . Conference: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ( Montreal )
STOCKMAN AG ( 2018 ) . Perception of objects that move in depth: using ecologically valid audio cues . Applied Acoustics
Feng F, Stockman T ( 2017 ) . An investigation of dynamic crossmodal instantiation in TUIs . Conference: Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction82 - 90 .
Deacon T, Stockman T, Barthet M ( 2017 ) . User experience in an interactive music virtual reality system: An exploratory study . vol. 10525 LNCS , Springer
Fazekas G, Barthet M, Stockman T ( 2017 ) . Welcome to Audio Mostly 2017! . ACM International Conference Proceeding Series . vol. Part F131930 ,
Jack RH, Stockman T, McPherson A ( 2017 ) . Rich gesture, reduced control . Conference: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Movement Computing1 - 8 .
Jack RH, Stockman T, McPherson A ( 2017 ) . Maintaining and Constraining Performer Touch in the Design of Digital Musical Instruments . Conference: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction717 - 720 .
STOCKMAN AG, Al-Thani D ( 2016 ) . Reflections on the Research Methods Used in an Investigation of Cross-modal Collaborative Information Seeking . Conference: The 5th International Workshop onn Collaboration: Human-Centered Issues & Interactivity Design, as part of The 2016 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems, Florida, USA, October-November 2016. ( Florida, USA ) from: 31/10/2016 to: 04/11/2016 ,
Jack RH, Stockman T, McPherson A ( 2016 ) . Effect of latency on performer interaction and subjective quality assessment of a digital musical instrument . Conference: Proceedings of the Audio Mostly 2016116 - 123 .
Thani DA, Stockman T ( 2016 ) . Reflections on the Research Methods Used in an Investigation of Cross-Modal Collaborative Information Seeking . Conference: 2016 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS)511 - 517 .
Martin F, Metatla O, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T . Accessible Spectrum Analyser . Conference: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Auditory Display - ICAD 2016199 - 200 .
Al-Thani D, Stockman T, Tombros A ( 2016 ) . EXPLORING THE STAGES OF INFORMATION SEEKING IN A CROSS-MODAL CONTEXT . Journal of Accessibility and Design for All vol. 6 , Article 1 , 49 - 80 .
Metatla O, Martin F, Parkinson A, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T, Tanaka A ( 2016 ) . Audio-haptic interfaces for digital audio workstations . Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces1 - 12 .
Metatla O, Martin F, Parkinson A, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T, Tanaka A ( 2016 ) . Audio-haptic interfaces for digital audio workstations: A participatory design approach . Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces vol. 10 , ( 3 ) 247 - 258 .
Turchet L, Moffat D, nez AT-J, Reiss JD, Stockman T ( 2016 ) . What do your footsteps sound like? An investigation on interactive footstep sounds adjustment . Applied Acoustics vol. 111 , 77 - 85 .
Metatla O, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T, Martin F ( 2016 ) . Sonification of reference markers for auditory graphs: effects on non-visual estimation tasks . PeerJ Computer Science vol. 2 ,
Jack R, Stockman T, McPherson A ( 2016 ) . Navigation of Pitch Space on a Digital Musical Instrument with Dynamic Tactile Feedback . Conference: Proceedings of the TEI '16: Tenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction3 - 11 .
Metatla O, Correia N, Martin F, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T ( 2016 ) . Tap the ShapeTones: Exploring the Effects of Crossmodal Congruence in an Audio-Visual Interface . 1055 - 1066 .
Al-Thani DA, Stockman T ( 2016 ) . Understanding Cross-modal Collaborative Information Seeking . Conference: Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings Volume 2016 Issue 1
Mycroft J, Stockman T, Reiss JD ( 2016 ) . Visual information search in digital audio workstations . 140th Audio Engineering Society International Convention 2016, AES 2016 .
Metatla O, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T, Martin F ( 2015 ) . Sonification of reference markers for auditory graphs: Effects on non-visual point estimation tasks . vol. 3 ,
Feng F, Stockman T, Bryan-Kinns N, AI-Thani D ( 2015 ) . An investigation into the comprehension of map information presented in audio . Conference: Proceedings of the XVI International Conference on Human Computer Interaction1 - 8 .
Al-Thani D, Stockman T, Tombros A ( 2015 ) . The Effects of Cross-modal Collaboration on the Stages of Information Seeking . Conference: Proceedings of the XVI International Conference on Human Computer Interaction1 - 8 .
Csapó Á, Wersényi G, Nagy H, Stockman T ( 2015 ) . A survey of assistive technologies and applications for blind users on mobile platforms: a review and foundation for research . Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces vol. 9 , ( 4 ) 275 - 286 .
Metatla O, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T, Martin F ( 2015 ) . Designing with and for people living with visual impairments: audio-tactile mock-ups, audio diaries and participatory prototyping . CoDesign vol. 11 , ( 1 ) 35 - 48 .
Sahib NG, Tombros A, Stockman T ( 2015 ) . Evaluating a search interface for visually impaired searchers . Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology vol. 66 , ( 11 ) 2235 - 2248 .
Metatla O, Martin F, Stockman T, Bryan-Kinns N . Non-Visual Menu Navigation: the Effect of an Audio-Tactile Display . Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC) . 258 - 263 .
Metatla O, Martin F, Stockman T, Bryan-Kinns N ( 2014 ) . Integrating Sensors in a Mobile Application Authoring Environment . Electronic Workshops in Computing . 213 - 217 .
Durrant A, Hook J, McNaney R, Williams K, Smith T, Stockman T, Olivier P ( 2014 ) . Interpersonal expression in the special educational needs classroom: An experience-centred design case study . International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction vol. 2 , ( 1 ) 34 - 47 .
Sahib NG, Tombros A, Stockman T ( 2014 ) . Investigating the Behavior of Visually Impaired Users for Multi-session Search Tasks . JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY vol. 65 , ( 1 ) 69 - 83 .
Metatla O, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T, Martin F ( 2013 ) . Activity theory as a tool for identifying design patterns in cross-modal collaborative interaction . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) vol. 8119 LNCS , ( PART 3 ) 232 - 240 .
Loeliger E, Stockman T ( 2013 ) . Wayfinding without Visual Cues: Evaluation of an Interactive Audio Map System . Interacting with Computers vol. 26 , ( 5 ) 403 - 416 .
Stockman T ( 2013 ) . 14.2: Invited Paper: The Development of Auditory and Cross‐modal Displays for Assistive Technology . SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers vol. 44 , ( 1 ) 139 - 141 .
Durrant A, Hook J, McNaney R, Williams K, Smith T, Kipling M, Stockman T, Olivier P ( 2013 ) . Design to support interpersonal communication in the special educational needs classroom . 46 - 55 .
MacDonald D, Stockman T ( 2013 ) . Toward a method and toolkit for the design of auditory displays, based on soundtrack composition . Conference: CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems769 - 774 .
Al-Thani D, Stockman T, Tombros A ( 2013 ) . Cross-Modal Collaborative Information Seeking (CCIS): An Exploratory Study . Electronic Workshops in Computing .
Brown N, Stockman T ( 2013 ) . Examining the Use of Thematic Analysis as a Tool for Informing Design of New Family Communication Technologies . Electronic Workshops in Computing .
Sahib NG, Stockman T, Tombros A, Metatla O ( 2013 ) . Participatory Design with Blind Users: A Scenario-Based Approach . INTERACT (1) . Editors: Kotzé, P, Marsden, G, Lindgaard, G, Wesson, J et al. , vol. 8117 , 685 - 701 .
Wilkie S, Stockman T, Reiss JD ( 2012 ) . Amplitude manipulation for perceived movement in depth . 132nd Audio Engineering Society Convention 2012171 - 178 .
Williams K, Meckin D, Stockman T, Bryan-Kinns N . Embedded Research in the Design of Interactive Technologies for Children with Special Educational Needs: An Account of Research in Progress . Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC) .
Heitlinger S, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T, O’Flanagan O, Couzyn T . The Talking Quilt – Augmenting Domestic Objects for Communal Meaning-Making . Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC) .
Barden P, Comber R, Green D, Jackson D, Ladha C, Bartindale T, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T et al. ( 2012 ) . Telematic dinner party . Conference: Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference38 - 47 .
Metatla O, Bryan-Kinn N, Stockman T, Martin F ( 2012 ) . Cross-modal Collaborative Interaction Between Visually-impaired and Sighted Users in the Workplace . Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Auditory Display . Conference: 18th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD2012) ( Atlanta, Georgia ) from: 18/06/2012 to: 21/06/2012 , 164 - 171 .
Wilkie S, Stockman T ( 2012 ) . The Perception of Auditory-visual Looming in Film . Proceedings of CMMR2012: The 9th International Symposium on Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval . Conference: CMMR 2012 - 9th International Symposium on Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval ( Queen Mary University of London ) from: 19/06/2012 to: 22/06/2012 ,
Metatla O, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T ( 2012 ) . Interactive hierarchy-based auditory displays for accessing and manipulating relational diagrams . Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces vol. 5 , ( 3-4 ) 111 - 122 .
Sahib NG, Tombros A, Stockman T ( 2012 ) . A Comparative Analysis of the Information-Seeking Behavior of Visually Impaired and Sighted Searchers . JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY vol. 63 , ( 2 ) 377 - 391 .
STOCKMAN AG, Bryan-Kinns N, Metatla O ( 2012 ) . Interactive hierarchy-based auditory displays for accessing and manipulating relational diagram . Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces vol. 5 , ( 3 ) 111 - 122 .
Martin F, T S, Bryan-Kinns N, Metatla O ( 2012 ) . Supporting Cross-modal Collaboration in the Workplace . PBCS-HCI '12 Proceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers . Conference: HCI 2012 - People and Computers XXVI ( Birmingham, UK ) from: 12/09/2012 to: 14/09/2012 , 109 - 118 .
STOCKMAN AG, Bryan-Kinns N, Metatla O ( 2012 ) . The effects of Using Headphones and Speakers on Collaboration in an Audio-only Workspace . Journal of the Audio Engineering Society vol. 60 , ( 7/8 ) Article JAES-1121-Nov-2011 , 540 - 550 .
Barden P, Comber R, Bryan-Kinns N, Stockman T, Olivier P ( 2012 ) . The telematic dinner party . Conference: ACM SIGGRAPH 2012 Posters on - SIGGRAPH '121 - 1 .
Brown N, Stockman T ( 2011 ) . Supporting communication between parents and primary school children with the use of technology . Conference: Procedings of the Second Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design423 - 424 .
Morrell MJRJD, Stockman T ( 2011 ) . Auditory cues for gestural control of Multi-track audio . Proceedings of ICAD2011: The 17th International Conference on Auditory Display .
Molster A, Stockman T ( 2011 ) . On the Road to Design: Developing a sonified route navigator for cyclists . Proceedings of ICAD2011: The 17th International Conference on Auditory Display .
Metatla O MF ( 2011 ) . Cross-modal Collaborative Interaction Between Visually-impaired and Sighted Users in the Workplace . Digital Engagement 2011 the 2nd RCUK Digital Economy All Hands Meeting .
Metatla O, BRYAN-KINNS N, Stockman T ( 2011 ) . Interactive Hierarchy-Based Auditory Displays for Accessing and Manipulating Relational Diagrams . Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces ( Special Issue on Interactive Sonification )
Al-Thani D, Stockman T ( 2010 ) . Development and evaluation of a cross-modal XML schema browser . Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD2010) .
Molster A, Stockman T ( 2010 ) . Sonified route guidance system for cyclists . Proceedings of the 1st workshop on Multimodal Location Based Techniques for Extreme Navigation .
Hummul JHTFC, Stockman T ( 2010 ) . Interactive sonification of german wheel sports movement . Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on Interactive Sonification (ISon2010) .
Stockman T ( 2010 ) . Listening to people, objects and interactions . Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on Interactive Sonification (ISon2010) .
Metatla O ST ( 2010 ) . Collaborative Cross-Modal Interfaces . Digital Futures 2010 Research Councils UK Digital Economy All Hands Meeting .
Frauenberger C, Stockman T ( 2009 ) . Auditory display design-An investigation of a design pattern approach . INT J HUM-COMPUT ST vol. 67 , ( 11 ) 907 - 922 .
Metatla OB-KN, Stockman T ( 2008 ) . Constructing relational diagrams in audio: the multiple perspective hierarchical approach . Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility . 97-104 - 97-104 .
Metatla OB-KN, Stockman T ( 2008 ) . Comparing Interaction Strategies for Constructing Diagrams in an Audio-only Interface . Proceedings of the BCS HCI conference, volume 2 . 65-69 - 65-69 .
Frauenberger CST, Bourguet ML ( 2008 ) . Pattern design in the context space; a method-ological framework for designing auditory display with patterns . Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs .
Stockman T, Metatla O ( 2008 ) . The Influence of Screen-Readers on Web Cognition . Proceedings of the Accessible Design in the Digital World Conference ADDW’08 .
Metatla O, BRYAN-KINNS N, Stockman T ( 2008 ) . Constructing Relational Diagrams in Audio: The Multiple Perspective Hierarchical Approach . Conference: ASSETS 2008 ( Halifax, Canada ) from: 13/10/2008 to: 15/10/2008 ,
Perez CFCHTSTNLVNJSCBBV, Brock D ( 2008 ) . HCI Beyond the GUI: The Human Factors of Non-traditional Interfaces, chapter 5: Auditory Interfaces .
Bourguet M, STOCKMAN AG, Frauenberger C ( 2007 ) . A Survey on Common Practice in Designing Audio in the User Interface . Conference: 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference, Lancaster, September 2007
Metatla OB-KN, Stockman T ( 2007 ) . Using Hierarchies to Support Non-Visual Access to Relational Diagrams . Proceedings of the BCS HCI conference, volume 1 . 215-226 - 215-226 .
Harrar L, Stockman T ( 2007 ) . DESIGNING AUDITORY GRAPH OVERVIEWS . ICAD’07 Proceedings . 306-311 - 306-311 .
Metatla OB-KN, Stockman T ( 2007 ) . Evaluating THE DESIGN AND LEARNABILITY OF AN AUDITORY UML DIAGRAM . ICAD’07 Proceedings .
Nickerson LVSTBJ ( 2007 ) . Sonifying the London Underground real-time-disruption map . ICAD’07 Proceedings .
Stockman TRNMO, Harrar L ( 2007 ) . THE DESIGN OF INTERACTIVE AUDIO SOCCER . ICAD’07 Proceedings .
Frauenberger CSTBML ( 2007 ) . a methodological framework for auditory display design . ICAD’07 Proceedings . 519-525 - 519-525 .
Stockman TRNMO, Harrar L ( 2007 ) . THE DESIGN OF INTERACTIVE AUDIO SOCCER . proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop onInteractive Sonification .
Khan N, Long H, Rahman S, Stockman T ( 2007 ) . From local laboratory data to public domain database in search of indirect association diseases: AJAX based gene data search engine . Twentieth IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, Proceedings . Editors: Kokol, P, Podgorelec, V, MiceticTurk, D, Zorman, M et al. , 213 - 218 .
Metatla O, BRYAN-KINNS N, Stockman T ( 2007 ) . Using Hierarchies to Support Non-Visual Access to Relational Diagrams . Conference: HCI 2007 ( Lancaster, UK ) from: 03/09/2007 to: 07/09/2007 ,
Chandrashekar S, Stockman T, Fels D, Benedyk R ( 2006 ) . Using think aloud protocol with blind users: . Conference: Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility251 - 252 .
Metatla OB-KNST ( 2006 ) . A Model for Structuring UML Class Diagrams to Support Non-Visual Interpretation and Navigation . Proceedings of the BCS HCI conference, volume 2 .
Fields BSTNLHP ( 2006 ) . Proceedings of the BCS HCI conference, volume 2 . Proceedings of the BCS HCI conference, volume 2 .
Metatla OB-KNST ( 2006 ) . Diagrams as Sonified Trees: The Design andImplementation ofAuditory UML . proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Sound and Haptics .
Frauenberger C, Stockman T ( 2006 ) . Patterns in auditory menu design . ICAD06 Proceedings .
Frauenberger CPVORST ( 2005 ) . AN AUDITORY 3D FILE MANAGER DESIGNED FROM INTERACTION PATTERNS . DAFx05 Proceedings .
STOCKMAN AG, Frauenberger C, Hind G ( 2005 ) . Interactive Sonification of Spreadsheets . Conference: 11th International Conference on Auditory Display, Limerick, July 2005
Stockman TNLVHG ( 2005 ) . AUDITORY GRAPHS: A SUMMARY OF CURRENT EXPERIENCE AND TOWARDS A RESEARCH AGENDA, . ICAD05 Proceedings .
Frauenberger CSTPV, R HO ( 2005 ) . Interaction Patterns for Auditory User Interfaces . proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Auditory Display . 154-161 - 154-161 .
Frauenberger C, Stockman T, Putz V, Holdrich R ( 2005 ) . Mode independent interaction pattern design . Ninth International Conference on Information Visualisation, Proceedings . Editors: Banissi, E, Sarfraz, M, Roberts, JC, Loften, B et al. , 24 - 30 .
Khan N, Rahman S, Stockman AG ( 2004 ) . A framework for molecular biology database integration using context graph . 17TH IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER-BASED MEDICAL SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS . Editors: Long, R, Antani, S, Lee, DJ, Nutter, B et al. , 21 - 26 .
STOCKMAN AG ( 2004 ) . Integrating Data Sonification with Synthetic Speech for Unified Data Access . Conference: proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Interactive Sonification
STOCKMAN AG ( 2004 ) . The design and evaluation of auditory access to spreadsheets . Conference: Proceedings of the 10th International conference on Auditory Display, International Community for Auditory Display
Khan N, Rahman S, Stockman AG ( 2003 ) . Integration of biological data resources using image object keying . CBMS 2003: 16TH IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER-BASED MEDICAL SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS . Editors: Krol, M, Mitra, S, Lee, DJ , 16 - 21 .
STOCKMAN AG ( 2003 ) . Sonification of SQL constructs in multi-modal database interaction . Conference: Proceedings of the Workshop on Audio Assistive Devices and Methods for the Visually Impaired
STOCKMAN AG ( 2003 ) . The Delivery and Development of a Distance Learning Conversion Masters Database Systems Module . Conference: Proceedings of the Workshop on Teaching, Learning and Assessment in Databases
Khan N, Stockman AG, Rahman S ( 2002 ) . A cooperative environment for genetic variance analysis using component database for database integration . PROCEEDINGS OF THE 15TH IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER-BASED MEDICAL SYSTEMS . Editors: Kokol, P, Stiglic, B, Zorman, M, Zazula, D et al. , 365 - 368 .
STOCKMAN AG, Galal G, Alaa G ( 2002 ) . E-commerce systems: Architecting concepts and directions . Conference: Proceedings of the UKAIS Annual Conference on Information Systems
STOCKMAN AG, Alaa G ( 2001 ) . An Investigation into the Nature of Electronic Commerce, Requirements and Needs in developing countries . Conference: Proceedings of BIT World Conference