Publications: Dr Sarah Finer

Dobson R, Jacobs B, Marshall C ( 2023 ) . Polygenic risk score prediction of Multiple Sclerosis in individuals of South Asian ancestry . Brain Communications

Wang Y, Namba S, Lopera E, Kerminen S, Tsuo K, Läll K, Kanai M, Zhou W et al. ( 2023 ) . Global Biobank analyses provide lessons for developing polygenic risk scores across diverse cohorts . Cell Genomics vol. 3 , ( 1 )

Kanai M, Elzur R, Zhou W, Wu KHH, Rasheed H, Tsuo K, Hirbo JB, Wang Y et al. ( 2022 ) . Meta-analysis fine-mapping is often miscalibrated at single-variant resolution . Cell Genomics vol. 2 , ( 12 )

Papoutsi C, Hargreaves D, Hagell A, Hounsome N, Skirrow H, Muralidhara K, Colligan G, Ferrey A et al. ( 2022 ) . Implementation and delivery of group consultations for young people with diabetes in socioeconomically deprived, ethnically diverse settings . BMC Medicine vol. 20 , ( 1 )

Huang QQ, Sallah N, Dunca D, Trivedi B, Hunt KA, Hodgson S, Lambert SA, Arciero E et al. ( 2022 ) . Transferability of genetic loci and polygenic scores for cardiometabolic traits in British Pakistani and Bangladeshi individuals . Nature Communications vol. 13 , ( 1 )

Zhou W, Kanai M, Wu KHH, Rasheed H, Tsuo K, Hirbo JB, Wang Y, Bhattacharya A et al. ( 2022 ) . Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative: Powering genetic discovery across human disease . Cell Genomics vol. 2 , ( 10 )

Pervjakova N, Moen GH, Borges MC, Ferreira T, Cook JP, Allard C, Beaumont RN, Canouil M et al. ( 2022 ) . Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of gestational diabetes mellitus highlights genetic links with type 2 diabetes . Human molecular genetics vol. 31 , ( 19 ) 3377 - 3391 .

BYH L, A W, S F, FR D, JA T, Soares AG, K W, P S et al. ( 2022 ) . MC3R links nutritional state to childhood growth and the timing of puberty .

Holt H, Talaei M, Greenig M, Zenner D, Symons J, Relton C, Young KS, Davies MR et al. ( 2022 ) . Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) . Thorax vol. 77 , ( 9 ) 900 - 912 .

COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative ( 2022 ) . A first update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19 . Nature vol. 608 , ( 7921 ) E1 - E10 .

Lau EYM, Carroll E, Callender L, Finer S, Henson S ( 2022 ) . The impact of type 2 diabetes on immunosenescence and functional immunity . CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY . vol. 52 , 1037 - 1037 .

Kousathanas A, Pairo-Castineira E, Rawlik K, Stuckey A, Odhams CA, Walker S, Russell CD, Malinauskas T et al. ( 2022 ) . Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19 . Nature vol. 607 , ( 7917 ) 97 - 103 .

Mathur R, Hull SA, Hodgson S, Finer S ( 2022 ) . Characterisation of type 2 diabetes subgroups and their association with ethnicity and clinical outcomes: a UK real-world data study using the East London Database . British Journal of General Practice vol. 72 , ( 719 ) E421 - E429 .

Hodgson S, Huang QQ, Sallah N, Griffiths CJ, Newman WG, Trembath RC, Wright J, Thomas Lumbers R et al. ( 2022 ) . Integrating polygenic risk scores in the prediction of type 2 diabetes risk and subtypes in British Pakistanis and Bangladeshis: A population-based cohort study . PLoS Medicine vol. 19 , ( 5 )

Nongmaithem SS, Beaumont RN, Dedaniya A, Wood AR, Ogunkolade BW, Hassan Z, Krishnaveni GV, Kumaran K et al. ( 2022 ) . Babies of South Asian and European Ancestry Show Similar Associations With Genetic Risk Score for Birth Weight Despite the Smaller Size of South Asian Newborns . Diabetes vol. 71 , ( 4 ) 821 - 836 .

Calderón-Larrañaga S, Greenhalgh T, Finer S, Clinch M ( 2022 ) . What does the literature mean by social prescribing? A critical review using discourse analysis . Sociology of Health and Illness vol. 44 , ( 4-5 ) 848 - 868 .

Hodgson S, Huang QQ, Sallah N, Lumbers RT, Kuchenbaecker K, van Heel DA, Mathur R, Griffiths CJ et al. ( 2022 ) . A type 2 diabetes polygenic risk score enhances prediction of incident diabetes compared to QDiabetes alone in British Pakistani and Bangladeshis: Results from the Genes and Health study . DIABETIC MEDICINE . vol. 39 ,

Calderon-Larranaga S, Clinch M, Finer S ( 2022 ) . Social prescribing: A new partner for the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme? . DIABETIC MEDICINE . vol. 39 ,

Ogunkolade BW, Adaikalakoteswari A, Cardoso SR, Lowe R, Patel N, Rakyan V, Finer S, Wabitsch M et al. ( 2022 ) . An integrative epi-transcriptomic approach identifies the human cartilage chitinase 3-like protein 2 (CHI3L2) as a potential mediator of B12 deficiency in adipocytes . Epigenetics

Papoutsi C, Hargreaves D, Hagell A, Hounsome N, Skirrow H, Muralidhara K, Colligan G, Vijayaraghavan S et al. ( 2022 ) . Group clinics for young adults living with diabetes in an ethnically diverse, socioeconomically deprived population: mixed-methods evaluation . Health and Social Care Delivery Research vol. 10 , ( 25 ) V - 89 .

Kremer R, Raza SM, Eto F, Casement J, Atallah C, Finer S, Lendrem D, Barnes M et al. ( 2022 ) . Tracking trajectories of multiple long-term conditions using dynamic patient-cluster associations . Proceedings - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Big Data 2022 . 4390 - 4399 .

Sobczyńska-Malefora A, Yajnik CS, Harrington DJ, Hitman GA, Finer S ( 2022 ) . Vitamin B<inf>12</inf>and Folate Markers Are Associated with Insulin Resistance During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy in South Asian Women, Living in the United Kingdom, with Gestational Diabetes and Normal Glucose Tolerance . Journal of Nutrition vol. 152 , ( 1 ) 163 - 170 .

Niemi MEK, Karjalainen J, Liao RG, Neale BM, Daly M, Ganna A, Pathak GA, Andrews SJ et al. ( 2021 ) . Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19 . Nature vol. 600 , ( 7889 ) 472 - 477 .

Holt H, Talaei M, Greenig M, Zenner D, Symons J, Relton C, Young K, Davies M et al. ( 2021 ) . Risk Factors for Developing COVID-19: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study (COVIDENCE UK) . Thorax

Lam BYH, Williamson A, Finer S, Day FR, Tadross JA, Gonçalves Soares A, Wade K, Sweeney P et al. ( 2021 ) . MC3R links nutritional state to childhood growth and the timing of puberty . Nature vol. 599 , ( 7885 ) 436 - 441 .

D'Antonio M, Nguyen JP, Arthur TD, Matsui H, D'Antonio-Chronowska A, Frazer KA, Neale BM, Daly M et al. ( 2021 ) . SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity are associated with genetic variants affecting gene expression in a variety of tissues . Cell Reports vol. 37 , ( 7 )

Edwards AE, Vathenen R, Henson SM, Finer S, Gunganah K ( 2021 ) . Acute hyperglycaemic crisis after vaccination against COVID-19: A case series . Diabetic Medicine vol. 38 , ( 11 )

Mathur R, Hull S, Hodgson S, Finer S ( 2021 ) . Characterisation of type 2 diabetes subgroups and their association with ethnicity and clinical outcomes: a UK real-world data study using the East London Database .

Callender L, Carroll E, Ketchley-Garrod C, Schroth J, BYSTROM J, Berryman V, Pattrick M, Campbell-Richards D et al. ( 2021 ) . Altered nutrient uptake causes mitochondrial dysfunction in senescent CD8+ EMRA T cells during type 2 diabetes . Frontiers in Aging

Neves MR, Daley BJ, Hitman GA, Huda MSB, McLachlan S, Finer S, Marsh W ( 2021 ) . Causal Dynamic Bayesian Networks for the Management of Glucose Control in Gestational Diabetes . Proceedings - 2021 IEEE 9th International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, ISCHI 2021 . 31 - 40 .

Hodgson S, Huang QQ, Sallah N, Griffiths C, Newman W, Trembath R, Lumbers T, Kuchenbaecker K et al. ( 2021 ) . Harnessing the power of polygenic risk scores to predict type 2 diabetes and its subtypes in a high-risk population of British Pakistanis and Bangladeshis in a routine healthcare setting .

Huang QQ, Sallah N, Dunca D, Trivedi B, Hunt K, Hodgson S, Lambert S, Arciero E et al. ( 2021 ) . Transferability of genetic loci and polygenic scores for cardiometabolic traits in British Pakistanis and Bangladeshis .

Calderón-Larrañaga S, Milner Y, Clinch M, Greenhalgh T, Finer S ( 2021 ) . Tensions and opportunities in social prescribing. Developing a framework to facilitate its implementation and evaluation in primary care: a realist review . BJGP Open vol. 5 , ( 3 ) 1 - 13 .

Nongmaithem S, Beaumont R, Dedaniya A, Wood A, Ogunkolade B-W, Hassan Z, Krishnaveni G, Kumaran K et al. ( 2021 ) . Associations of genetic scores for birth weight with newborn size and later Anthropometric traits and cardiometabolic risk markers in South Asians .

Calderón Larrañaga S, Clinch M, Greenhalgh T, Finer S ( 2021 ) . Could social prescribing contribute to type 2 diabetes prevention in people at high risk? Protocol for a realist, multilevel, mixed methods review and evaluation . BMJ Open vol. 11 , ( 4 )

Holt H, Talaei M, Greenig M, Zenner D, Symons J, Relton C, Young K, Davies M et al. ( 2021 ) . Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) . MedRvx

Nongmaithem S, Beaumont R, Dedaniya A, Wood A, Ogunkolade B, Hassan Z, Krishnaveni G, Kumaran K et al. ( 2021 ) . Associations of genetic scores for birth weight with newborn size and later anthropometric traits and cardiometabolic risk markers in South Asians .

McLachlan S, Kyrimi E, Daley BJ, Dube K, Marsden M, Finer S, Hitman GA, Fenton NE ( 2020 ) . Incorporating Clinical Decisions into Standardised Caremaps . 2020 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, ICHI 2020 .

Papoutsi C, Hargreaves D, Colligan G, Hagell A, MacKinnon S, Vijayaraghavan S, Greenhalgh T, Finer S ( 2020 ) . G416 Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of attendance at group clinics for young adults with diabetes (together study) . Conference: BSPEDa150.1 - a1a150 .

Severe Covid-19 GWAS Group, Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, Buti M, Albillos A, Invernizzi P, Fernández J et al. ( 2020 ) . Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure . N Engl J Med vol. 383 , ( 16 ) 1522 - 1534 .

Saravanan P, Magee LA, Banerjee A, Coleman MA, Von Dadelszen P, Denison F, Farmer A, Finer S et al. ( 2020 ) . Gestational diabetes: opportunities for improving maternal and child health . The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology vol. 8 , ( 9 ) 793 - 800 .

McGregor TL, Hunt KA, Yee E, Mason D, Nioi P, Ticau S, Pelosi M, Loken PR et al. ( 2020 ) . Characterising a healthy adult with a rare HAO1 knockout to support a therapeutic strategy for primary hyperoxaluria . eLife vol. 9 ,

Finer S, Martin HC, Khan A, Hunt KA, Maclaughlin B, Ahmed Z, Ashcroft R, Durham C et al. ( 2020 ) . Cohort Profile: East London Genes &amp; Health (ELGH), a community-based population genomics and health study in British Bangladeshi and British Pakistani people . International Journal of Epidemiology vol. 49 , ( 1 ) 20 - 21I .

Ong SE, Clinch M, Mathur R, Perel P, Chia KS, Legido-Quigley H, Finer S ( 2019 ) . Improving Type 2 Diabetes prevention and care in England – what can healthcare transformation achieve?: A qualitative study . International Journal of Integrated Care . vol. 19 ,

Lau EYM, Carroll EC, Callender LA, Hood GA, Berryman V, Pattrick M, Finer S, Hitman GA et al. ( 2019 ) . Type 2 diabetes is associated with the accumulation of senescent T cells . Clinical & Experimental Immunology

Papoutsi C, COLLIGAN G, Hagell A, Hargreaves D, Marshall M, VIJAYARAGHAVAN S, Greenhalgh T, FINER S ( 2019 ) . Promises and perils of group clinics for young people living with diabetes: a realist review . Diabetes Care

McGregor T, Hunt K, Nioi P, Mason D, Ticau S, Pelosi M, Loken P, Finer S et al. ( 2019 ) . Deep phenotyping of a healthy human HAO1 knockout informs therapeutic development for primary hyperoxaluria type 1 .

Fottrell E, Ahmed N, Nahar B, Shaha SK, Kuddus A, Grijalva-Eternod CS, Nahar T, Fall C et al. ( 2018 ) . Growth and body composition of children aged 2-4 years after exposure to community mobilisation women's groups in Bangladesh . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health vol. 72 , ( 10 ) 888 - 895 .

Finer S, Martin H, Khan A, Hunt K, MacLaughlin B, Ahmed Z, Ashcroft R, Durham C et al. ( 2018 ) . Cohort Profile: East London Genes & Health (ELGH), a community based population genomics and health study of British-Bangladeshi and British-Pakistani people .

Finer S, Robb P, Cowan K, Daly A, Shah K, Farmer A ( 2018 ) . Setting the top 10 research priorities to improve the health of people with Type 2 diabetes: a Diabetes UK–James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership . Diabetic Medicine vol. 35 , ( 7 ) 862 - 870 .

FINER S, Robb P, Cowan K, Daly A, Robertson E, Farmer A ( 2017 ) . Top ten research priorities for type 2 diabetes: results from the Diabetes UK–James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership . Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology

Gassasse Z, Smith D, FINER S, Gallo V ( 2017 ) . Association between urbanisation and type 2 diabetes: an ecological study . BMJ Global Health

Papoutsi C, Hargreaves D, Colligan G, Hagell A, Patel A, Campbell-Richards D, Viner R, Vijayaraghavan S et al. ( 2017 ) . Group clinics for young adults with diabetes in an ethnically diverse, socioeconomically deprived setting (TOGETHER study): protocol for a realist review, co-design and mixed methods, participatory evaluation of a new care model . BMJ Open

Finer S, Lowe R, Ogunkolade W, Bhowmik B, Hussain A, Khan AKA, Rakyan V, Hitman GA ( 2017 ) . The influence of maternal and offspring environment on genome-wide methylation of the offspring in Bangladesh . Manchester Central, Manchester , from: 08/03/2017 to: 10/03/2017 , vol. 34 , pp. 20 - 21 . Abstract: java.sql.Clob org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.WrappedClob java.io.Serializable ,

Finer S, LOWE R, Ogunkolade BW, Pervin S, Mathews C, Smart M, Alam DS, Hitman GA ( 2016 ) . Is famine exposure during developmental life in rural Bangladesh associated with a metabolic and epigenetic signature in young adulthood? A historical cohort study . BMJ Open

Kage A, Cowan F, Kempley S, Finer S, Hogg M, Hitman G, Shah D ( 2016 ) . HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO SPECIFIC LINEAR MEASUREMENTS OF CEREBRAL STRUCTURES IN A LOCAL EAST LONDON POPULATION OF WELL NEWBORNS OF SOUTH ASIAN DIASPORA . EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS . vol. 175 , 1676 - 1676 .

Finer S ( 2016 ) . Studying Fetal Programming in South Asian Populations: The GIFTS Study . ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM vol. 69 , ( 2 ) 104 - 105 .

Barry E, Roberts S, Finer S, Vijayaraghavan S, Greenhalgh T ( 2015 ) . Time to question the NHS diabetes prevention programme . BMJ (Online) vol. 351 ,

Greenhalgh T, Clinch M, Afsar N, Choudhury Y, Sudra R, Campbell-Richards D, Claydon A, Hitman GA et al. ( 2015 ) . Socio-cultural influences on the behaviour of South Asian women with diabetes in pregnancy: Qualitative study using a multi-level theoretical approach . BMC Medicine vol. 13 , ( 1 )

Finer S ( 2015 ) . Fetal programming via maternal diabetes: The controversy continues . Diabetic Medicine vol. 32 , ( 3 ) 291 - 294 .

Murphy H, Finer S ( 2015 ) . Gestational diabetes mellitus and the offspringd jack and jill are different still . Diabetes Care vol. 38 , ( 3 ) 345 - 346 .

Adaikalakoteswari A, Finer S, Voyias PD, McCarthy C, Moore J, Smart-Halajko M, Bawazeer N, Al-Daghri NM et al. ( 2015 ) . Vitamin B12 deficiency induces cholesterol biosynthesis by limiting S-adenosyl methionine and altering the methylation of SREBF1 and LDLR genes . DIABETIC MEDICINE vol. 32 , 30 - 30 .

Adaikalakoteswari A, Finer S, Voyias PD, Mccarthy CM, Vatish M, Moore J, Smart-Halajko M, Bawazeer N et al. ( 2015 ) . Vitamin b<inf>12</inf> insufficiency induces cholesterol biosynthesis by limiting s-adenosylmethionine and modulating the methylation of srebf1 and ldlr genes . Clinical Epigenetics vol. 7 , ( 1 )

Hillman SL, Finer S, Smart MC, Mathews C, Lowe R, Rakyan VK, Hitman GA, Williams DJ ( 2015 ) . Novel DNA methylation profiles associated with key gene regulation and transcription pathways in blood and placenta of growth-restricted neonates . Epigenetics vol. 10 , ( 1 ) 50 - 61 .

Finer S, Mathews C, Lowe R, Smart M, Hillman S, Foo L, Sinha A, Williams D et al. ( 2015 ) . Maternal gestational diabetes is associated with genome-wide DNA methylation variation in placenta and cord blood of exposed offspring . Human molecular genetics vol. 24 , ( 11 ) 3021 - 3029 .

Finer S, Iqbal S, Ogunkolade WB, Mathews C, Lowe R, Smart M, Rakyan VK, Alam DS et al. ( 2014 ) . Variation in phenotype and DNA methylation is detectable in an observational cohort of young adult Bangladeshis exposed to famine during in utero and postnatal life . DIABETOLOGIA vol. 57 , S105 - S106 .

Finer S, Mathews C, Smart M, Hillman S, Foo L, Lowe R, Rakyan V, Hitman G ( 2014 ) . Maternal Gestational Diabetes Is Associated with Genome-Wide Methylation Variation in Placenta and Cord Blood of Exposed Offspring . DIABETES . vol. 63 , A56 - A56 .

Hillman SL, Finer S, Smart MC, Rakyan V, Hitman GA, Williams DJ ( 2014 ) . Identification of Novel DNA Methylation Profiles Associated with Gene Regulation and Metabolic Pathways in Growth Restricted Offspring . REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES vol. 21 , ( 3 ) 166A - 166A .

Finer S, Saravanan P, Hitman G, Yajnik C ( 2014 ) . The role of the one-carbon cycle in the developmental origins of Type 2 diabetes and obesity . Diabet Med vol. 31 , ( 3 ) 263 - 272 .

Finer S, Iqbal S, Mathews C, Ogunkolade BW, Smart M, Alam D, Hitman G ( 2014 ) . DNA methylation variants in young adult offspring exposed to famine during postnatal life in Bangladesh . The Lancet vol. 383 ,

Hitman GA, Finer S ( 2014 ) . To tweet or not to tweet . Diabet Med vol. 31 , ( 2 )

Davis J, Banks I, Wrigley D, Peedell C, Pollock A, McPherson K, McKee M, Irving WL et al. ( 2013 ) . Act now against new NHS competition regulations: an open letter to the BMA and the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges calls on them to make a joint public statement of opposition to the amended section 75 regulations . BMJ vol. 346 ,

Tomkins NJ, Finer S, Perera S, Thangaratinam S, Sanghi A, Peterson D ( 2013 ) . Gestational diabetes can be safely and effectively managed with risk-stratified community and hospital based care in a high prevalence population . DIABETIC MEDICINE vol. 30 , 174 - 174 .

Finer S, Khan KS, Hitman GA, Griffiths C, Martineau A, Meads C ( 2013 ) . Inadequate Vitamin D Status in Pregnancy . Obstetric Anesthesia Digest vol. 33 , ( 1 )

Finer S, Khan KS, Hitman GA, Griffiths C, Martineau A, Meads C ( 2012 ) . Inadequate vitamin D status in pregnancy: evidence for supplementation . Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand vol. 91 , ( 2 ) 159 - 163 .

Hitman GA, Finer S ( 2011 ) . Obesity and Type 2 diabetes; achieving weight loss . Diabet Med vol. 28 , ( 6 )

Finer S, Holland ML, Nanty L, Rakyan VK ( 2011 ) . The hunt for the epiallele . Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis . vol. 52 , 1 - 11 .

Finer S, Holland ML, Nanty L, Rakyan VK ( 2011 ) . The hunt for the epiallele . Environ Mol Mutagen vol. 52 , ( 1 ) 1 - 11 .

Bell CG, Finer S, Lindgren CM, Wilson GA, Rakyan VK, Teschendorff AE, Akan P, Stupka E et al. ( 2010 ) . Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis identifies haplotype-specific methylation in the FTO type 2 diabetes and obesity susceptibility locus . PLoS One vol. 5 , ( 11 )

Rakyan VK, Down TA, Maslau S, Andrew T, Yang T-P, Beyan H, Whittaker P, McCann OT et al. ( 2010 ) . Human aging-associated DNA hypermethylation occurs preferentially at bivalent chromatin domains . Genome Res vol. 20 , ( 4 ) 434 - 439 .

Finer S, Holland M, Rakyan V, Hitman G ( 2010 ) . A model of intrauterine hyperglycaemia provides evidence for fetal programming of glucose tolerance and a platform for epigenomic studies in mouse and human . Longitudinal and Life Course Studies: international journal . Conference: The 5th Conference on Epidemiology and Longitudonal Studies in Europe ( Paphos, Cyprus ) from: 13/10/2010 to: 15/10/2010 , vol. 1 ,

Yudkin JS, Owens G, Martineau F, Rowson M, Finer S ( 2008 ) . Global health-worker crisis: the UK could learn from Cuba . Lancet vol. 371 , ( 9622 ) 1397 - 1399 .

Finer S, Sze WCC, Chandran D, Gupta V, Myint O, Joseph T, Hutchinson J, Saravanamuthu J et al. ( 2008 ) . A high prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, ethnic diversity and social deprivation in women presenting to an East London antenatal clinic . DIABETIC MEDICINE . vol. 25 ,

Miranda JJ, Finer S ( 2005 ) . Rethinking your elective . The BMJ vol. 330 , ( Suppl S2 )

Rakow T, Harvey N, Finer S ( 2003 ) . Improving calibration without training: The role of task information . APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY . vol. 17 , 419 - 441 .

Rakow T, Harvey N, Finer S ( 2003 ) . Improving calibration without training: The role of task information . Applied Cognitive Psychology vol. 17 , ( 4 ) 419 - 441 .

Rowson M, Finer S ( 2001 ) . Debt relief . The BMJ vol. 322 , ( Suppl S6 )

Finer S ( 2001 ) . Strengthening governance for global health research. Improved undergraduate and postgraduate training may raise awareness . BMJ vol. 322 , ( 7292 )